Ground Segment 101

Ground Segment 101: A Primer on Antennas and Antenna Networks

About antennas

what is an antenna?

An antenna is a device that transmits and receives electromagnetic waves. It converts electrical signals into radio waves and vice versa, enabling communication with satellites and other systems.

What are typical antenna sizes used to communicate with satellites?

Antenna diameter for satellite communication range from 0.6 meters for consumer use to 70 meters for deep space applications. Most commercial satellite operators use antennas between 2 to 8 meters in diameter.

What are the frequencies typically used?

S band uplink: 2025MHz-2110MHz
S band downlink: 2200MHz-2290MHz
X band downlink: 8025MHz-8500MHz
Ka band downlink (Remote Sensing): 25500MHz-27000MHz

ABOUT GROUND STATIONS

What do you need to operate a ground station?

Hardware: Antennas, receivers, transmitters, modems, and power systems.

License: Regulatory approvals and frequency licenses from Local Government and ITU.

Operating Software: Ground station management and network monitoring systems.

Local Maintenance Team: Technicians and engineers for maintenance and repairs.

Own Site or Rented Teleport: Dedicated site or access to a commercial teleport for operations.

How much does building a station cost?

An S/X antenna typically costs around 400-500k including acquisition, shipping with a monthly maintenance cost of 7000 EUR.

About antenna Networks

What are the different types of antenna networks?

Publicly Owned Networks:
Examples include NASA’s DSN, ESA’s Estrack, and India’s ISTRAC.
Private Networks:
Owned and operated by satellite companies for dedicated communication and control.
Ground Segment as a Service (GSaaS):
A managed service offering ground station access and operations, providing flexible and cost-effective satellite communication solutions.

What are the benefits of an antenna network?

An antenna network provides increased coverage, redundancy, and reliability for satellite communication. It allows for continuous data transmission and reception by using multiple ground stations strategically located around the globe.

How is a Ground Station Network designed?

A ground station network is designed by strategically placing antennas worldwide to maximize satellite coverage. Key considerations include site selection for optimal signal reception, frequency compatibility, infrastructure setup, and adherence to regulatory requirements.

How do you operate your satellite with a ground station network?

You operate your satellite by scheduling passes with the ground station network. During these passes, you send commands to the satellite and receive telemetry and data, enabling control and monitoring of its operations.

How do you operate a constellation with a ground station network?

Operating a satellite constellation involves coordinating multiple satellites through the network to ensure seamless communication. This requires automated scheduling,handling data efficiently, and managing resources to maintain continuous coverage and service quality.

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